Öz
Göç, insan uygarlığının doğuşundan bu yana her zaman dünyanın her yerindeki insanları etkileyen karmaşık bir olgu olmuştur. Küreselleşme ilerledikçe göç giderek yaygınlaştı. Küreselleşme, göç konusunda hem olumlu hem de olumsuz sonuçları ortaya çıkaran önemli ilerlemeleri katalizlemiştir. Olumlu açıdan bakarsak, göç, dünya çapındaki bireylerin artan istihdam beklentileri, iyileşen siyasi ve sosyal ortamlar ve yüksek yaşam standartları peşinde koşmaları için bir kanal olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Tersine, küreselleşme, insan ticareti ve kaçakçılığın yaygınlaşmasıyla örneklendirilen, göçün olumsuz yüzlerini genişletti; bu olgular genellikle çocuklar da dahil olmak üzere masum bireylerin zarar görmesine neden oldu. Avrupa Birliği'nin (AB) oluşumuyla birlikte Avrupa kıtası göç sürecine giderek daha fazla aşina hale geldi; en tipik göç trendlerinden biri Orta Doğu Avrupa'dan Batı Avrupa'ya doğruydu. Göçmen gönderen ülkelerdeki yoksulluk ve yolsuzluğun onları bölgeyi terk etmeye ittiği sıklıkla varsayıldığından, bu makalenin amacı AB içindeki göç olgusu ile göç etmeyi seçen Avrupalı vatandaşların ekonomik güvenliği arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Orta-Doğu Avrupa'ya odaklanıyoruz. Bu makalenin amacı çıkarımsal istatistiksel analiz kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. Ekonomik güvenlik, hukukun üstünlüğü ve hükümetin etkinliği ile yoksulluk veya sosyal dışlanma riski altındaki kişiler olmak üzere üç göstergeden oluşuyordu. Bulgular, bir yandan hukukun üstünlüğü ve hükümetin etkinliği iyileştikçe göç oranının olumlu hale geldiğini, diğer yandan daha fazla birey yoksulluk veya sosyal dışlanmayla karşı karşıya kaldıkça göç oranının azaldığını gösteriyor. Bu makalenin sonuçları, göç motivasyonlarına ilişkin literatürün bir bölümüyle uyumludur ve göçün başlatılması için önemli derecede ekonomik güvenliğin varlığının gerekli olduğunu öne sürmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
göç ekonomik güvenlik yoksulluk, hukukun üstünlüğü, Avrupa Birliği, Orta Doğu Avrupa.
Kaynakça
- Afzali, F. A. (2019). Economic insecurity as a push factor of migration in afghanistan. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 9(9), 533-547. https://doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.09.2019.p9369.
- Bakewell, O. (2008). “Keeping them in their place”: The ambivalent relationship between development and migration in Africa. Third World Quarterly, 29(7), 1341–1358. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20455113.
- Barrell, R., FitzGerald, J. & Riley, R. (2007). EU enlargement and migration: Assessing the macroeconomic impacts. NIESR Discussion Paper No. 292. Available at: https://www.niesr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/dp292.pdf (accessed on 10 April 2024).
- Barsan-Pipu, N. & Tache, I. (2017). Risk Management of the East-West Migration Phenomenon. In N. Marinescu (Ed.), East-West Migration in the European Union, Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 5-20.
- Bauman, Z. (1996). Tourists and vagabonds: heroes and victims of postmodernity. Political Science Series / Institute for Advanced Studies, Department of Political Science, 30. Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), https://nbnresolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-266870.
- Belgiojoso, E. B., & Terzera, L. (2018). Family reunification – who, when, and how? Family trajectories among migrants in Italy. Demographic Research, 38, 737–772. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26457062.
- Bell, S., Alves, S., Silveirinha de Oliveira, E. & Zuin, A. Migration and Land Use Change in Europe: A Review, Benton, M., & Petrovic, M. (2013). How Free Is Free Movement? Dynamics and Drivers of Mobility within the European Union. Migration Policy Institute Europe. Available at: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/MPIEurope-FreeMovement-Drivers.pdf. (accessed on 16 May 2024).
- Bhabha, J. (2005). Trafficking, Smuggling, and Human Rights. Migration Policy Institute. https://documentation.lastradainternational.org/lsidocs/424%20migration_funda_1007.pdf.
- Billiet, J., Meuleman, B., & De Witte, H. (2014). The relationship between ethnic threat and economic insecurity in times of economic crisis: Analysis of European Social Survey data. Migration Studies, 2(2), 135–161. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnu023. Borjas, G. J. (1989). Economic theory and international migration. International Migration Review, 23(3), 457–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300304.
- Buzan, B. (1991). New patterns of global security in the twenty-first century. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs), 67(3), 431–451. https://doi.org/10.2307/2621945.
- Buzan, B., Waever, O. & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security. A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Bygnes, S., & Flipo, A. (2017). Political motivations for intra-European migration. Acta Sociologica, 60(3), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699316659909.
- Carling, J., & Schewel, K. (2018). Revisiting aspiration and ability in international migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 945–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384146.
- Castles, S. (1998). Globalization and migration: Some pressing contradictions. International Social Science Journal, 50(156), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00122.
- Castles, S., Miller, M. J., & Ammendola, G. (2005). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world: new york: the guilford press, (2003), $30. 00, 338 pages. American Foreign Policy Interests, 27(6), 537–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803920500434037.
- Clemens, M. (2014). Does Development Reduce Migration?. Working Paper 359, Center for Global Development. Available at : https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/does-development-reduce-migration_final_0.pdf. (accessed on 15 April 2024)
Öz
Migration has always been a complex phenomenon that has influenced people all over the world since the dawn of human civilization. Migration became increasingly prevalent as globalisation progressed. Globalization has catalysed significant advancements in migration, unveiling both favourable and adverse implications. On the positive front, migration has emerged as a conduit for individuals worldwide to pursue enhanced employment prospects, improved political and social landscapes, and elevated standards of living. Conversely, globalization has expedited negative facets of migration, exemplified by the proliferation of human trafficking and smuggling, phenomena often resulting in harm inflicted upon innocent individuals, including children. With the formation of the European Union (EU), the European continent became increasingly familiar with the process of migration, one of the most typical migratory trends being from Central-Eastern Europe to Western Europe. As it is often assumed that poverty and corruption in sending countries of migrants trigger them to leave the area, the purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the phenomenon of migration inside the EU and the economic security of European citizens who choose to migrate, with a focus on Central-Eastern Europe. The present paper's purpose was accomplished using inferential statistical analysis. Economic security was composed of three indicators, rule of law and government effectiveness and persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion. The findings indicate that on one hand, as rule of law and government effectiveness get better, the migration rate becomes positive, on the other hand, as more individuals face poverty or social exclusion, the rate of migration declines. The conclusions of this paper align with a segment of the literature on migration motivations, suggesting that the presence of a considerable degree of economic security is requisite for the initiation of migration.
Anahtar Kelimeler
migration economic security poverty rule of law European Union Central-Eastern Europe.
Kaynakça
- Afzali, F. A. (2019). Economic insecurity as a push factor of migration in afghanistan. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 9(9), 533-547. https://doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.09.2019.p9369.
- Bakewell, O. (2008). “Keeping them in their place”: The ambivalent relationship between development and migration in Africa. Third World Quarterly, 29(7), 1341–1358. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20455113.
- Barrell, R., FitzGerald, J. & Riley, R. (2007). EU enlargement and migration: Assessing the macroeconomic impacts. NIESR Discussion Paper No. 292. Available at: https://www.niesr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/dp292.pdf (accessed on 10 April 2024).
- Barsan-Pipu, N. & Tache, I. (2017). Risk Management of the East-West Migration Phenomenon. In N. Marinescu (Ed.), East-West Migration in the European Union, Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 5-20.
- Bauman, Z. (1996). Tourists and vagabonds: heroes and victims of postmodernity. Political Science Series / Institute for Advanced Studies, Department of Political Science, 30. Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), https://nbnresolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-266870.
- Belgiojoso, E. B., & Terzera, L. (2018). Family reunification – who, when, and how? Family trajectories among migrants in Italy. Demographic Research, 38, 737–772. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26457062.
- Bell, S., Alves, S., Silveirinha de Oliveira, E. & Zuin, A. Migration and Land Use Change in Europe: A Review, Benton, M., & Petrovic, M. (2013). How Free Is Free Movement? Dynamics and Drivers of Mobility within the European Union. Migration Policy Institute Europe. Available at: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/MPIEurope-FreeMovement-Drivers.pdf. (accessed on 16 May 2024).
- Bhabha, J. (2005). Trafficking, Smuggling, and Human Rights. Migration Policy Institute. https://documentation.lastradainternational.org/lsidocs/424%20migration_funda_1007.pdf.
- Billiet, J., Meuleman, B., & De Witte, H. (2014). The relationship between ethnic threat and economic insecurity in times of economic crisis: Analysis of European Social Survey data. Migration Studies, 2(2), 135–161. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnu023. Borjas, G. J. (1989). Economic theory and international migration. International Migration Review, 23(3), 457–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300304.
- Buzan, B. (1991). New patterns of global security in the twenty-first century. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs), 67(3), 431–451. https://doi.org/10.2307/2621945.
- Buzan, B., Waever, O. & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security. A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Bygnes, S., & Flipo, A. (2017). Political motivations for intra-European migration. Acta Sociologica, 60(3), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699316659909.
- Carling, J., & Schewel, K. (2018). Revisiting aspiration and ability in international migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 945–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384146.
- Castles, S. (1998). Globalization and migration: Some pressing contradictions. International Social Science Journal, 50(156), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00122.
- Castles, S., Miller, M. J., & Ammendola, G. (2005). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world: new york: the guilford press, (2003), $30. 00, 338 pages. American Foreign Policy Interests, 27(6), 537–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803920500434037.
- Clemens, M. (2014). Does Development Reduce Migration?. Working Paper 359, Center for Global Development. Available at : https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/does-development-reduce-migration_final_0.pdf. (accessed on 15 April 2024)
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Turizm (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | MAKALELER |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 29 Mayıs 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 25 Kasım 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2 |
