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Analysis of Renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries on the Road to Green Economy

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 58 Sayı: 2, 185 - 200, 30.04.2024

Ayşegül Han

https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1388229

Öz

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between renewable energy and carbon emissions, economic development, international trade, and unemployment in 38 OECD countries between 1990 and 2022.
Methodology: The CADF-CIPS unit root test was used to assess the stationarity of the variables, and Emirmahmutolu and Köse's (2011) causality analysis was used to identify the causal relationships between the variables.
Findings: The results of the causality study show that employment, environmental sustainability, and economic growth are all positively affected by renewable energy. The study found a bidirectional causal relationship between carbon emissions and renewable energy. It also found a bi-directional causal relationship between renewable energy and economic development. Exports of renewable energy were found to have a unidirectional causal relationship. Imports and renewable energy were found to have a bidirectional causal relationship. On the other hand, a one-way causal relationship was found between unemployment and renewable energy.
Originality: The originality of this study lies in its in-depth analysis of the relationships between renewable energy, carbon emissions, economic growth, foreign trade and unemployment, based on analyses carried out between 1990 and 2022 in 38 OECD countries, and in the presentation of the results obtained using statistical methods. These analyses demonstrate the originality of the study by offering new and important perspectives on the subject.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Panel Causality Renewable Energy Economic Growth Foreign Trade Unemployment and Employment

Kaynakça

  • Ağpak, F. ve Özçiçek, Ö. (2018). “Bir İstihdam Politikası Aracı Olarak Yenilenebilir Enerji”, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2), 112-128, DOI: 10.25287/ohuiibf.334307.
  • Akar, B. G. (2016). “The Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption: An Empirical Analysis for the Balkans”, European Scientific Journal, 12 (11), 594-607, DOI: 10.19044/esj.2016.v12n11p594.
  • Akram, R., Chen, F., Khalid, F., Ye, Z. ve Majeed, M.T., (2020). “Heterogeneous Effects of Energy Effciency and Renewable Energy on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Developing Countries”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 119122, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119122.
  • Altıner, A. (2019). “MINT Ülkelerinde Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizi”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 10(2), 369-378.
  • Apergis N., Payne J. E., Menyah K. ve Wolde-Rufael Y. (2010). “On the Causal Dynamics between Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy and Economic Growth”, Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2255-2260.
  • Barak, D. ve Çelik, B. (2018). “Elektrik Üretiminin İşsizlik Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Social Sciences Studies Journal, 4(23), 4397-4406.
  • Belaïd, F. ve Zrelli, M. H. (2019). “Renewable and Non-Renewable Electricity Consumption, Environmental Degradation and Economic Development: Evidence from Mediterranean Countries”, Energy Policy, 133, 110929, DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110929.
  • Belaïd, F., Elsayed, A. H. ve Omri, A. (2021). “Key Drivers of Renewable Energy Deployment in the MENA Region: Empirical Evidence Using Panel Quantile Regression”, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 57, 225-238, DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.011.
  • Bhattacharya, M., Churchill, S. A. ve Paramati, S. R. (2017). “The Dynamic Impact of Renewable Energy and Institutions on Economic Output and CO2 Emissions Across Regions”. Renewable Energy, 111, 157-167.
  • Bölük, G. ve Mert, M. (2014). “Fossil & Renewable Energy Consumption, GHGs (Greenhouse Gases) and Economic Growth: Evidence From a Panel of EU (European Union) Countries”, Energy, 74, 439-446.
  • Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980). “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-253, DOI: 10.2307/2297111.
  • Bulavskaya, T. ve Reynès, F. (2018). “Job Creation and Economic Impact of Renewable Energy in the Netherlands”, Renewable Energy, 119, 528-538, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.09.039.
  • Chang, T. H., Huang, C. M. ve Lee, M. C. (2009). “Threshold Effect of the Economic Growth Rate on the Renewable Energy Development From a Change in Energy Price: Evidence from OECD Countries”, Energy Policy, 37, 5796-5802.
  • Chen, W. ve Lei, Y. (2018). “The Impacts of Renewable Energy and Technological Innovation on Environment-Energy-Growth Nexus: New Evidence from a Panel Quantile Regression”, Renewable Energy, 123, 1-14, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.026.
  • Chen, C., Pınar, M. ve Stengos, T. (2020). “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from a Threshold Model”, Energy Policy, 139, 111295, DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111295.
  • Cheng, Y., Zhang, N., Kirschen, D. S., Huang, W. ve Kang, C. (2020). “Planning Multiple Energy Systems for Low-Carbon Districts with High Penetration of Renewable Energy: An Empirical Study in China”, Applied Energy, 261, 114390, DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114390.
  • Doğan, E. ve Şeker, F. (2016). “The Influence of Real Output, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy, Trade and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in the Top Renewable Energy Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 60: 1074-1085, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.006.
  • Dong, K., Hochman, G., Zhang, Y., Sun, R., Li, H. ve Liao, H. (2018). “CO2 Emissions, Economic and Population Growth, and Renewable Energy: Empirical Evidence Across Regions”, Energy Economics, 75, 180-192, DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.017.
  • Emirmahmutoğlu, F. ve Köse, N. (2011). “Testing for Granger Causality in Heterogeneous Mixed Panels”, Economic Modelling, 28(3), 870-876, DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2010.10.018.
  • Fan, W. ve Hao, Y., (2020). “An Empirical Research on the Relationship Amongst Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment in China”, Renewable Energy, 146, 598-609, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.170.
  • Fisher, R.A. (1932). “Statistical Methods for Research Workers”, (4. baskı). Edinburgh: Oliverand Boyd.
  • Han, A. (2022). “E7 Ülkelerinde Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin İncelenmesi”, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 18(3), 797-814, DOI: 10.17130/ijmeb.1015102.
  • Hillebrand, B., Buttermann, H. G., Behringer, J. M. ve Bleuel M. (2006). “The Expansion of Renewable Energies and Employment Effects in Germany”. Energy Policy. 34, 3484-3494.
  • Ibrahiem, D. M. (2015). “Renewable Electricity Consumption, Foreign Direct İnvestment and Economic Growth in Egypt: An ARDL Approach”. Procedia Economics and Finance, 30, 313- 323.
  • Igliński, B., Iglińska, A., Anna, C., Marcin, K. W. ve Buczkowski, R. (2016). “Renewable Energy Production in the Lodzkie Voivodeship. The PEST Analysis of the RES in the Voivodeship and in Poland”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58,737-750.
  • Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B. ve Ozturk, I. (2013). “Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade in OECD Countries”, Ecological Indicators 60: 824-831. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031.
  • Khodeir, A. N. (2016). “The Relationship Between the Generation of Electricity from Renewable Resources and Unemployment: An Empirical Study on the Egyptian Economy”, Arab Economic and Business Journal, 11(1), 16-30, DOI: 10.1016/j.aebj.2015.10.003.
  • Lehr, U., Nitsch, J., Kratzat, M., Lutz, C. ve Edler, D. (2008). “Renewable Energy and Employment in Germany”, Energy Policy, 36, 108-117, DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.09.004.
  • Liu, L., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Chang, R., He, G., Tang, W., Gao, Z., Li, J., Liu, C. ve Zhao, L. (2020). “Optimising Wind/Solar Combinations at Fner Scales to Mitigate Renewable Energy Variability in China”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 132, 110151, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110151.
  • Moummy, C. E., Salim, Y. ve Baddih, H. (2021). “The Role of Renewable Energy Sector in Reducing Unemployment: The Moroccan Case”, E3S Web of Conferences 234, 00101, ICIES 2020, DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202123400101.
  • Paramati, S. R., Ummalla, M. ve Apergis, N. (2016). “The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment and Stock Market Growth on Clean Energy Use Across a Panel of Emerging Market Economies”, Energy Economics, 56, 29-41, DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2016.02.008.
  • Pesaran, H. M. (2004). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Working Paper No:0435, University of Cambridge, DOI: 10.17863/CAM.5113.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). “A Simple Panel Unit Root in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265- 312, DOI: 10.1002/jae.951.
  • Rafiq, S., Salim, R. ve Sgro, P. (2018). “Energy, Unemployment and Trade”, Applied Economics, 50(47), 5122-5134, DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2018.1472741.
  • Ragwitz, M., Schade, W., Breitschoff, B., Walz, R. ve Helfrich, N. (2009). “The Impact of Renewable Energy Policy on Economic Growth and Unemployment in the European Union”, Fraunhofer ISI Germany Report. Contract No. TREN/DI/474/2006.
  • Rahman, M.M. ve Velayutham, E. (2020). “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus: New Evidence from South Asia”, Renewable Energy, 147, 399-408, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.007.
  • Razmi, S. F., Bajgiran, B. R., Behname, M., Salari, T. E. ve Razmi, S. M. J. (2020). “The Relationship of Renewable Energy Consumption to Stock Market Development and Economic Growth in Iran”, Renewable Energy, 145, 2019-2024, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.166.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). “Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Oil Prices in the G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 31(3), 456-462, DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2008.12.010.
  • Salim, R. A. ve Rafiq, S. (2012). “Why Do Some Emerging Economies Proactively Accelerate the Adoption of Renewable Energy?”, Energy Economics, 34(4), 1051-1057, DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2011.08.015.
  • Sebri, M. ve Salha, O. B. (2014). “On the Causal Dynamics Between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Trade Openness: Fresh Evidence from BRICS Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 14-23, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.033.
  • Shafiei, S. ve Salim, R. A. (2014). “Non-Renewable and Renewable Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis”, Energy Policy, 66, 547-556, DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.064.
  • Shahbaz, M., Solarin, S. A., Hammoudeh S. ve Shahzad, S. J. H. (2017). “Bounds Testing Approach to Analyzing the Environment Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Biomass Energy Consumption in the United States with Structural Breaks”, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 81840, DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2017.10.004.
  • Tiba, S., Omri, A. ve Frikha, M. (2015). “The Four-Way Linkages Between Renewable Energy, Environmental Quality, Trade and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis Between High and Middle-Income Countries”, Energy Systems, 7(1): 103-144, DOI: 10.1007/s12667-015-0171-7.
  • Vaona, A. (2016). “The Effect of Renewable Energy Generation on Import Demand”. Renewable Energy, 86, 354-359.
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  • Yazdi, S. K. ve Mastorakis, N. (2014). “Renewable, CO2 Emissions, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Iran. Latest Trends in Energy”, Environment and Development, 360-370.
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Yeşil Ekonomi Yolunda OECD Ülkelerinde Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Analizi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 58 Sayı: 2, 185 - 200, 30.04.2024

Ayşegül Han

https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1388229

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, 1990-2022 yılları arasında 38 OECD ülkesinde yenilenebilir enerji ile karbon emisyonu, ekonomik büyüme, dış ticaret ve işsizlik değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Yöntem: Değişkenlerin durağanlık sınamasının yapılması amacıyla CADF-CIPS birim kök testi ve değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkilerinin tespit edilmesi için Emirmahmutoğlu ve Köse (2011) nedensellik analizi uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: Nedensellik analizinden elde edilen bulgular, yenilenebilir enerjinin ekonomik büyüme, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ve istihdam üzerinde olumlu etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışmada, yenilenebilir enerji ile karbon emisyonları arasında çift yönlü nedensellik belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, yenilenebilir enerji ile ekonomik büyüme arasında da çift yönlü nedensellik olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. İhracattan yenilenebilir enerjiye doğru tek yönlü nedensellik belirlenmiştir. Yenilenebilir enerji ile ithalat arasında çift yönlü nedensellik olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, yenilenebilir enerji ve işsizlik arasında tek yönlü nedensellik saptanmıştır.
Özgünlük: Bu çalışmanın özgünlüğü, 38 OECD ülkesinde 1990-2022 yılları arasında yapılan analizlerle yenilenebilir enerji, karbon emisyonları, ekonomik büyüme, dış ticaret ve işsizlik arasındaki ilişkileri derinlemesine incelemesi ve istatistiksel yöntemlerle elde edilen sonuçlarını sunmasıdır. Bu analizler, konuyla ilgili yeni ve önemli perspektifler sunarak çalışmanın özgünlüğünü ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Panel Nedensellik Yenilenebilir Enerji Ekonomik Büyüme Dış Ticaret İşsizlik ve İstihdam

Kaynakça

  • Ağpak, F. ve Özçiçek, Ö. (2018). “Bir İstihdam Politikası Aracı Olarak Yenilenebilir Enerji”, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2), 112-128, DOI: 10.25287/ohuiibf.334307.
  • Akar, B. G. (2016). “The Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption: An Empirical Analysis for the Balkans”, European Scientific Journal, 12 (11), 594-607, DOI: 10.19044/esj.2016.v12n11p594.
  • Akram, R., Chen, F., Khalid, F., Ye, Z. ve Majeed, M.T., (2020). “Heterogeneous Effects of Energy Effciency and Renewable Energy on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Developing Countries”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 119122, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119122.
  • Altıner, A. (2019). “MINT Ülkelerinde Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizi”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 10(2), 369-378.
  • Apergis N., Payne J. E., Menyah K. ve Wolde-Rufael Y. (2010). “On the Causal Dynamics between Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy and Economic Growth”, Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2255-2260.
  • Barak, D. ve Çelik, B. (2018). “Elektrik Üretiminin İşsizlik Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Social Sciences Studies Journal, 4(23), 4397-4406.
  • Belaïd, F. ve Zrelli, M. H. (2019). “Renewable and Non-Renewable Electricity Consumption, Environmental Degradation and Economic Development: Evidence from Mediterranean Countries”, Energy Policy, 133, 110929, DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110929.
  • Belaïd, F., Elsayed, A. H. ve Omri, A. (2021). “Key Drivers of Renewable Energy Deployment in the MENA Region: Empirical Evidence Using Panel Quantile Regression”, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 57, 225-238, DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.011.
  • Bhattacharya, M., Churchill, S. A. ve Paramati, S. R. (2017). “The Dynamic Impact of Renewable Energy and Institutions on Economic Output and CO2 Emissions Across Regions”. Renewable Energy, 111, 157-167.
  • Bölük, G. ve Mert, M. (2014). “Fossil & Renewable Energy Consumption, GHGs (Greenhouse Gases) and Economic Growth: Evidence From a Panel of EU (European Union) Countries”, Energy, 74, 439-446.
  • Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980). “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-253, DOI: 10.2307/2297111.
  • Bulavskaya, T. ve Reynès, F. (2018). “Job Creation and Economic Impact of Renewable Energy in the Netherlands”, Renewable Energy, 119, 528-538, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.09.039.
  • Chang, T. H., Huang, C. M. ve Lee, M. C. (2009). “Threshold Effect of the Economic Growth Rate on the Renewable Energy Development From a Change in Energy Price: Evidence from OECD Countries”, Energy Policy, 37, 5796-5802.
  • Chen, W. ve Lei, Y. (2018). “The Impacts of Renewable Energy and Technological Innovation on Environment-Energy-Growth Nexus: New Evidence from a Panel Quantile Regression”, Renewable Energy, 123, 1-14, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.026.
  • Chen, C., Pınar, M. ve Stengos, T. (2020). “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from a Threshold Model”, Energy Policy, 139, 111295, DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111295.
  • Cheng, Y., Zhang, N., Kirschen, D. S., Huang, W. ve Kang, C. (2020). “Planning Multiple Energy Systems for Low-Carbon Districts with High Penetration of Renewable Energy: An Empirical Study in China”, Applied Energy, 261, 114390, DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114390.
  • Doğan, E. ve Şeker, F. (2016). “The Influence of Real Output, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy, Trade and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in the Top Renewable Energy Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 60: 1074-1085, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.006.
  • Dong, K., Hochman, G., Zhang, Y., Sun, R., Li, H. ve Liao, H. (2018). “CO2 Emissions, Economic and Population Growth, and Renewable Energy: Empirical Evidence Across Regions”, Energy Economics, 75, 180-192, DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.017.
  • Emirmahmutoğlu, F. ve Köse, N. (2011). “Testing for Granger Causality in Heterogeneous Mixed Panels”, Economic Modelling, 28(3), 870-876, DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2010.10.018.
  • Fan, W. ve Hao, Y., (2020). “An Empirical Research on the Relationship Amongst Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment in China”, Renewable Energy, 146, 598-609, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.170.
  • Fisher, R.A. (1932). “Statistical Methods for Research Workers”, (4. baskı). Edinburgh: Oliverand Boyd.
  • Han, A. (2022). “E7 Ülkelerinde Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin İncelenmesi”, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 18(3), 797-814, DOI: 10.17130/ijmeb.1015102.
  • Hillebrand, B., Buttermann, H. G., Behringer, J. M. ve Bleuel M. (2006). “The Expansion of Renewable Energies and Employment Effects in Germany”. Energy Policy. 34, 3484-3494.
  • Ibrahiem, D. M. (2015). “Renewable Electricity Consumption, Foreign Direct İnvestment and Economic Growth in Egypt: An ARDL Approach”. Procedia Economics and Finance, 30, 313- 323.
  • Igliński, B., Iglińska, A., Anna, C., Marcin, K. W. ve Buczkowski, R. (2016). “Renewable Energy Production in the Lodzkie Voivodeship. The PEST Analysis of the RES in the Voivodeship and in Poland”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58,737-750.
  • Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B. ve Ozturk, I. (2013). “Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade in OECD Countries”, Ecological Indicators 60: 824-831. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031.
  • Khodeir, A. N. (2016). “The Relationship Between the Generation of Electricity from Renewable Resources and Unemployment: An Empirical Study on the Egyptian Economy”, Arab Economic and Business Journal, 11(1), 16-30, DOI: 10.1016/j.aebj.2015.10.003.
  • Lehr, U., Nitsch, J., Kratzat, M., Lutz, C. ve Edler, D. (2008). “Renewable Energy and Employment in Germany”, Energy Policy, 36, 108-117, DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.09.004.
  • Liu, L., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Chang, R., He, G., Tang, W., Gao, Z., Li, J., Liu, C. ve Zhao, L. (2020). “Optimising Wind/Solar Combinations at Fner Scales to Mitigate Renewable Energy Variability in China”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 132, 110151, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110151.
  • Moummy, C. E., Salim, Y. ve Baddih, H. (2021). “The Role of Renewable Energy Sector in Reducing Unemployment: The Moroccan Case”, E3S Web of Conferences 234, 00101, ICIES 2020, DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202123400101.
  • Paramati, S. R., Ummalla, M. ve Apergis, N. (2016). “The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment and Stock Market Growth on Clean Energy Use Across a Panel of Emerging Market Economies”, Energy Economics, 56, 29-41, DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2016.02.008.
  • Pesaran, H. M. (2004). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Working Paper No:0435, University of Cambridge, DOI: 10.17863/CAM.5113.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). “A Simple Panel Unit Root in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265- 312, DOI: 10.1002/jae.951.
  • Rafiq, S., Salim, R. ve Sgro, P. (2018). “Energy, Unemployment and Trade”, Applied Economics, 50(47), 5122-5134, DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2018.1472741.
  • Ragwitz, M., Schade, W., Breitschoff, B., Walz, R. ve Helfrich, N. (2009). “The Impact of Renewable Energy Policy on Economic Growth and Unemployment in the European Union”, Fraunhofer ISI Germany Report. Contract No. TREN/DI/474/2006.
  • Rahman, M.M. ve Velayutham, E. (2020). “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus: New Evidence from South Asia”, Renewable Energy, 147, 399-408, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.007.
  • Razmi, S. F., Bajgiran, B. R., Behname, M., Salari, T. E. ve Razmi, S. M. J. (2020). “The Relationship of Renewable Energy Consumption to Stock Market Development and Economic Growth in Iran”, Renewable Energy, 145, 2019-2024, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.166.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). “Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Oil Prices in the G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 31(3), 456-462, DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2008.12.010.
  • Salim, R. A. ve Rafiq, S. (2012). “Why Do Some Emerging Economies Proactively Accelerate the Adoption of Renewable Energy?”, Energy Economics, 34(4), 1051-1057, DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2011.08.015.
  • Sebri, M. ve Salha, O. B. (2014). “On the Causal Dynamics Between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Trade Openness: Fresh Evidence from BRICS Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 14-23, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.033.
  • Shafiei, S. ve Salim, R. A. (2014). “Non-Renewable and Renewable Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis”, Energy Policy, 66, 547-556, DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.064.
  • Shahbaz, M., Solarin, S. A., Hammoudeh S. ve Shahzad, S. J. H. (2017). “Bounds Testing Approach to Analyzing the Environment Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Biomass Energy Consumption in the United States with Structural Breaks”, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 81840, DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2017.10.004.
  • Tiba, S., Omri, A. ve Frikha, M. (2015). “The Four-Way Linkages Between Renewable Energy, Environmental Quality, Trade and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis Between High and Middle-Income Countries”, Energy Systems, 7(1): 103-144, DOI: 10.1007/s12667-015-0171-7.
  • Vaona, A. (2016). “The Effect of Renewable Energy Generation on Import Demand”. Renewable Energy, 86, 354-359.
  • Wei, M., Patadia, S. ve Kammen, D.M. (2010). “Putting Renewables and Energy Efficiency to Work: How Many Jobs can the Clean Energy İndustry Generate in the US?” Energy Policy 38, 919-931.
  • Yalçın, H. E. ve Yalçın, C. (2021). “Enerji Verimliliği, Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Cari İşlemler Dengesi: Ekonometrik Bulgular ve Türkiye İçin Senaryo Analizleri”. Bankacılar Dergisi, 32(119), 3-35.
  • Yazdi, S. K. ve Mastorakis, N. (2014). “Renewable, CO2 Emissions, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Iran. Latest Trends in Energy”, Environment and Development, 360-370.
  • Yu, S., Hu, X., Li, L. ve Chen, H. (2020). “Does the Development of Renewable Energy Promote Carbon Reduction? Evidence from Chinese Provinces”, Journal of Environmental Management, 268, 110634, DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110634.
  • Yu, Y., Yamaguchi, K., Thuy, T. D. ve Kittner, N. (2022). “Will the Public in Emerging Economies Support Renewable Energy? Evidence from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 169, 112942, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112942.
  • Zastempowski, M. (2023). “Analysis and Modeling of Innovation Factors to Replace Fossil Fuels with Renewable Energy Sources-Evidence from European Union Enterprises”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 178, 113262, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113262.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Yeşil Ekonomi, Uygulamalı Ekonomi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ayşegül Han 0000-0002-3390-2129

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 1 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 58 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Han, A. (2024). Yeşil Ekonomi Yolunda OECD Ülkelerinde Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Analizi. Verimlilik Dergisi, 58(2), 185-200. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1388229
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