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NON-PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC EFFECTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 39 Sayı: Covid 19 Özel Sayısı, 109 - 122, 30.11.2021

Barbaros Güneri

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.909154

Öz

This paper evaluates the relationship between economic activity and non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic for 29 countries for the period between March 2020 and November 2020. Using industrial production as a proxy for economic activity and employing a dynamic panel data methodology to deal with the possible endogeneity problem, the empirical results suggest that non-pharmaceutical interventions negatively affect economic activity. Furthermore, this paper also contributes to the literature by analyzing the link between economic support provided by governments and economic activity during the pandemic. The findings indicate that governments can stabilize the decline in economic activity stemmed from non-pharmaceutical interventions by increasing the amount of economic support to households.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Non Pharmaceutical Intervensions COVID-19 Economic Activity Industrial Production Dynamic Panel Data

Kaynakça

  • Adams-Prassl, A. T. Boneva, M. Golin, C. Rauh (2020), “Inequality in the Impact of the Coronavirus Shock: Evidence from Real Time Surveys”, Journal of Public Economics, 189, 104245.
  • Akinlo, O. O., Q. A. Lawal (2015), “Impact of Exchange Rate on Industrial Production in Nigeria 1986-2010”, International Business and Management, 10(1), 104-110.
  • Albulescu, C. T. (2021), “COVID-19 and the United States Financial Markets’ Volatility”, Finance Research Letters, 38, 101699.
  • Arellano, M., S. Bond (1991), “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations”, The Review of Rconomic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
  • Arellano, M., O. Bover (1995), “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51.
  • Bartos, V., M. Bauer, J. Cahlikova, J. Chytilová (2020), “COVID-19 Crisis Fuels Hostility against Foreigners”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 13250, Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany.
  • Benmelech, E., N.Tzur-Ilan (2020), “The Determinants of Fiscal and Monetary Policies During the COVID-19 Crisis”, NBER Working Paper No. 27461. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Bernanke, B. S., M. Gertler, M. Watson, C. A. Sims, B. M. Friedman (1997), “Systematic Monetary Policy and the Effects of oil Price Shocks”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1997(1), 91-157.
  • Bhar, R., A. G. Malliaris (2020), “Modeling US monetary Policy During the Global Financial Crisis and Lessons for Covid-19”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 43(1), 15-33.
  • Blundell, R., S. Bond (1998), “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of econometrics, 87(1), 115-143.
  • Bond, S., A. Hoeffler, J. Temple (2001), “GMM Estimation of Empirical Growth Models”, Discussion Paper No. 2048, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
  • Brodeur, A., D. Gray, A. Islam, S. Bhuiyan (2021), “A literature Review of the Economics of COVID‐19”. Journal of Economic Surveys, 35(4), 1007-1044.
  • Carlsson-Szlezak, Phillip, M Reeves, P. Swartz (2020), “What Coronavirus Could Mean for the Global Economy”, Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2020/03/what-coronavirus-could-mean-for-the-global-economy
  • Casado, M. G., B. Glennon, J. LaneMcQuown, D. Rich, B. A. Weinberg, (2020), “The Effect of Fiscal Stimulus: Evidence from COVID-19”, NBER Working Paper No. w27576, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), Nonpharmaceutical interventions (npis). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/nonpharmaceutical-interventions/index.html, Accessed on 15 March 2021.
  • Coibion, O., Y. Gorodnichenko, M. Weber (2020a), “The Cost of the Covid-19 Crisis: Lockdowns, Macroeconomic Expectations, and Consumer Spending”, NBER Working Paper No. w27141. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Coibion, O., Y. Gorodnichenko, M. Weber (2020b), “Labor Markets During the COVID-19 Crisis: A Preliminary view”, NBER Working Paper No. w27017, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Deb, P., D. Furceri, J. D. Ostry, N. Tawk (2020a), “The Economic Effects of Covid-19 Containment Measures”, CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP15087, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3661431
  • Deb, P., D. Furceri, J. D. Ostry, N. Tawk (2020b), “The Effect of Containment Measures on the COVID-19 Pandemic”, CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP15086, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3661430
  • Demirguc-Kunt, A. M. Lokshin, I. Torre (2020), “The Sooner, the Better: The Early Economic Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (9257).
  • Dhasmana, A. (2013), “Real Effective Exchange Rate and Manufacturing Sector Performance: Evidence from Indian Firms”, IIM Bangalore Research Paper, (412).
  • Dingel, J. I., B. Neiman (2020), “How Many Jobs Can Be Done at Home?”, Journal of Public Economics, 189, 104235.
  • Fairlie, R. W., K. Couch, H. Xu (2020), “The Impacts of COVID-19 on Minority Unemployment: First Evidence from April 2020 CPS microdata”, NBER Working Paper No. w27246, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Farboodi, M., G. Jarosch, R. Shimer (2021), “Internal and External Effects of Social Distancing in a Pandemic”, Journal of Economic Theory, 196, 105293.
  • Forsythe, E. (2020), “Labor Market flows and the Covid-19 Economy”, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3586074, Accessed on March, 2021.
  • Fulop, G., G. Gyomai (2012), “Transition of the OECD CLI system to a GDP-based business cycle target”, OECD background note, Available at: http://www.oecd.org/std/leading-indicators/49985449.pdf, Accessed on January, 2021.
  • Gourinchas, P. O. (2020), “Flattening the Pandemic and Recession Curves”, Mitigating the COVID Economic Crisis: Act Fast and Do Whatever, 31, 57-62.
  • Grilli, V., N. Roubini (1996), “Liquidity Models in Open Economies: Theory and Empirical Evidence”, European Economic Review, 40(3-5), 847-859.
  • Haavelmo, T. (1960), A Study in the Theory of Investment, Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press.
  • Habibi, A. (2019), “Non-Linear Impact of Exchange Rate Changes on US industrial Production”, Journal of Economic Structures, 8(1), 1-17.
  • Hale, T., N., Angrist, R. Goldszmidt, B. Kira, A. Petherick, T. Phillips, H. Tatlow (2021), “A Global Panel Database of Pandemic Policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker)”, Nature Human Behaviour, 5(4), 529-538.
  • Hansen, B., A. Seshadri (2013), “Uncovering the Relationship Between Real Interest Rates and Economic Growth”, Michigan Retirement Research Center Research Paper, (2013-303).
  • Hatmanu, M., C. Căutişanu, M. Ifrim (2020), “The Impact of Interest Rate, Exchange Rate and European Business Climate on Economic Growth in Romania: An ARDL Approach with Structural Breaks”, Sustainability, 12(7), 2798.
  • Jonas, O. (2013), “Pandemic Risk”, World Development Report Background Papers, World Bank, Washington, DC, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16343, Accessed on January, 2021.
  • Kahn, L., F. Lange, D. Wiczer (2020), “Labor Demand in the Time of COVID-19: Evidence from Vacancy Postings and UI Claims”, NBER working paper, No. w27061, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Kok, J. (2020), “Short-Term Trade-off Between Stringency and Economic Growth”, COVID Economics, 60, 172-189.
  • König, M., A. Winkler (2020), “Monitoring in Real Time: Cross-Country Evidence on the COVID-19 Impact on GDP Growth in the First half of 2020”, COVID Economics, 57, 132-153.
  • Kraemer, M. U., C. H. Yang, B. Gutierrez, C. H. Wu, B. Klein, D. M. Pigott, S. V. Scarpino (2020), “The Effect of Human Mobility and Control Measures on the COVID-19 Epidemic in China”, Science, 368(6490), 493-497.
  • Kydland, F. E., E. C. Prescott (1982), “Time to Build and Aggregate Fluctuations”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1345-1370.
  • Maloney, W. F., T. Taskin (2020), “Determinants of Social Distancing and Economic Activity During COVID-19: A Global View”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (9242).
  • Mileva, E. (2007), “Using Arellano-Bond Dynamic Panel GMM Estimators in Stata”, Economics Department, Fordham University, 64, 1-10.
  • Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (2021a), Industrial Production (indicator), doi: 10.1787/39121c55-en, Accessed on 1 March 2021.
  • Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (2021b), Exchange Rates (indicator), doi: 10.1787/037ed317-en, Accessed on 1 March 2021.
  • Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (2021c), Long-Term Interest Rates (indicator), doi: 10.1787/662d712c-en, Accessed on 1 March 2021.
  • Rodrik, D. (2007), “The Real Exchange Rate and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence”, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
  • Roodman, D. (2009), “How to do xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata”, The Stata Journal, 9(1), 86-136.
  • Sansa, N. A. (2020), “The Impact of the COVID-19 on the Financial Markets: Evidence from China and USA”, Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2, 29-39.
  • Sheridan, A., A. L. Andersen, E. T. Hansen, N. Johannesen (2020), “Social Distancing Laws Cause Only Small Losses of Economic Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Scandinavia”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(34), 20468-20473.
  • Stanger, M. (2020), “A Monthly Indicator of Economic Growth for Low Income Countries”, International Monetary Fund Working Papers, 2020(013).
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2020, December 9), Covid-19 Drives Large International Trade Declines in 2020, https://unctad.org/news/covid-19-drives-large-international-trade-declines-2020#:~:text=The%20predicted%20decline%20in%20services,services%20trade%20fell%20by%209.5%25, Accessed on March 3, 2021.
  • Voitchovsky, S. (2005), “Does the Profile of Income Inequality Matter for Economic Growth?”, Journal of Economic Growth, 10(3), 273-296.
  • Wickens, M. (2012), Macroeconomic Theory: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Approach, Princeton University Press.
  • Yasenov, V. I. (2020), “Who Can Work from Home?”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 13197, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3590895
  • Zhang, D., M. Hu, Q. Ji (2020), “Financial markets under the global pandemic of COVID-19”, Finance Research Letters, 36, 101528.

COVİD-19 PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE UYGULANAN FARMAKOLOJİK OLMAYAN YÖNTEMLER VE EKONOMİK ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 39 Sayı: Covid 19 Özel Sayısı, 109 - 122, 30.11.2021

Barbaros Güneri

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.909154

Öz

Bu makale, Mart 2020 ve Kasım 2020 arasındaki dönem ve 29 ülke için COVİD-19 salgını sırasında uygulanan farmakolojik olmayan yöntemler ile iktisadi faaliyet arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Endüstriyel üretimi iktisadi faaliyet için bir vekil olarak kullanarak ve olası içsellik sorunuyla başa çıkmak için dinamik panel veri metodolojisinden yararlanılarak elde edilen ampirik sonuçlar, farmakolojik olmayan yöntemlerin iktisadi faaliyeti olumsuz etkilediğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca bu makale, salgın sırasında hükümetler tarafından sağlanan ekonomik destek ile iktisadi faaliyet arasındaki bağlantıyı analiz ederek de literatüre katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bulgular, hükümetlerin farmakolojik olmayan yöntemlerden kaynaklanan iktisadi faaliyetteki düşüşü hane halklarına sağladıkları ekonomik destek miktarını artırarak dengeleyebileceklerini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Farmakolojik Olmayan Yöntemler COVİD-19 Ekonomik Faaliyet Endüstriyel Üretim Dinamik Panel Veri

Kaynakça

  • Adams-Prassl, A. T. Boneva, M. Golin, C. Rauh (2020), “Inequality in the Impact of the Coronavirus Shock: Evidence from Real Time Surveys”, Journal of Public Economics, 189, 104245.
  • Akinlo, O. O., Q. A. Lawal (2015), “Impact of Exchange Rate on Industrial Production in Nigeria 1986-2010”, International Business and Management, 10(1), 104-110.
  • Albulescu, C. T. (2021), “COVID-19 and the United States Financial Markets’ Volatility”, Finance Research Letters, 38, 101699.
  • Arellano, M., S. Bond (1991), “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations”, The Review of Rconomic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
  • Arellano, M., O. Bover (1995), “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51.
  • Bartos, V., M. Bauer, J. Cahlikova, J. Chytilová (2020), “COVID-19 Crisis Fuels Hostility against Foreigners”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 13250, Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany.
  • Benmelech, E., N.Tzur-Ilan (2020), “The Determinants of Fiscal and Monetary Policies During the COVID-19 Crisis”, NBER Working Paper No. 27461. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Bernanke, B. S., M. Gertler, M. Watson, C. A. Sims, B. M. Friedman (1997), “Systematic Monetary Policy and the Effects of oil Price Shocks”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1997(1), 91-157.
  • Bhar, R., A. G. Malliaris (2020), “Modeling US monetary Policy During the Global Financial Crisis and Lessons for Covid-19”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 43(1), 15-33.
  • Blundell, R., S. Bond (1998), “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of econometrics, 87(1), 115-143.
  • Bond, S., A. Hoeffler, J. Temple (2001), “GMM Estimation of Empirical Growth Models”, Discussion Paper No. 2048, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
  • Brodeur, A., D. Gray, A. Islam, S. Bhuiyan (2021), “A literature Review of the Economics of COVID‐19”. Journal of Economic Surveys, 35(4), 1007-1044.
  • Carlsson-Szlezak, Phillip, M Reeves, P. Swartz (2020), “What Coronavirus Could Mean for the Global Economy”, Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2020/03/what-coronavirus-could-mean-for-the-global-economy
  • Casado, M. G., B. Glennon, J. LaneMcQuown, D. Rich, B. A. Weinberg, (2020), “The Effect of Fiscal Stimulus: Evidence from COVID-19”, NBER Working Paper No. w27576, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), Nonpharmaceutical interventions (npis). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/nonpharmaceutical-interventions/index.html, Accessed on 15 March 2021.
  • Coibion, O., Y. Gorodnichenko, M. Weber (2020a), “The Cost of the Covid-19 Crisis: Lockdowns, Macroeconomic Expectations, and Consumer Spending”, NBER Working Paper No. w27141. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Coibion, O., Y. Gorodnichenko, M. Weber (2020b), “Labor Markets During the COVID-19 Crisis: A Preliminary view”, NBER Working Paper No. w27017, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Deb, P., D. Furceri, J. D. Ostry, N. Tawk (2020a), “The Economic Effects of Covid-19 Containment Measures”, CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP15087, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3661431
  • Deb, P., D. Furceri, J. D. Ostry, N. Tawk (2020b), “The Effect of Containment Measures on the COVID-19 Pandemic”, CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP15086, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3661430
  • Demirguc-Kunt, A. M. Lokshin, I. Torre (2020), “The Sooner, the Better: The Early Economic Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (9257).
  • Dhasmana, A. (2013), “Real Effective Exchange Rate and Manufacturing Sector Performance: Evidence from Indian Firms”, IIM Bangalore Research Paper, (412).
  • Dingel, J. I., B. Neiman (2020), “How Many Jobs Can Be Done at Home?”, Journal of Public Economics, 189, 104235.
  • Fairlie, R. W., K. Couch, H. Xu (2020), “The Impacts of COVID-19 on Minority Unemployment: First Evidence from April 2020 CPS microdata”, NBER Working Paper No. w27246, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Farboodi, M., G. Jarosch, R. Shimer (2021), “Internal and External Effects of Social Distancing in a Pandemic”, Journal of Economic Theory, 196, 105293.
  • Forsythe, E. (2020), “Labor Market flows and the Covid-19 Economy”, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3586074, Accessed on March, 2021.
  • Fulop, G., G. Gyomai (2012), “Transition of the OECD CLI system to a GDP-based business cycle target”, OECD background note, Available at: http://www.oecd.org/std/leading-indicators/49985449.pdf, Accessed on January, 2021.
  • Gourinchas, P. O. (2020), “Flattening the Pandemic and Recession Curves”, Mitigating the COVID Economic Crisis: Act Fast and Do Whatever, 31, 57-62.
  • Grilli, V., N. Roubini (1996), “Liquidity Models in Open Economies: Theory and Empirical Evidence”, European Economic Review, 40(3-5), 847-859.
  • Haavelmo, T. (1960), A Study in the Theory of Investment, Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press.
  • Habibi, A. (2019), “Non-Linear Impact of Exchange Rate Changes on US industrial Production”, Journal of Economic Structures, 8(1), 1-17.
  • Hale, T., N., Angrist, R. Goldszmidt, B. Kira, A. Petherick, T. Phillips, H. Tatlow (2021), “A Global Panel Database of Pandemic Policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker)”, Nature Human Behaviour, 5(4), 529-538.
  • Hansen, B., A. Seshadri (2013), “Uncovering the Relationship Between Real Interest Rates and Economic Growth”, Michigan Retirement Research Center Research Paper, (2013-303).
  • Hatmanu, M., C. Căutişanu, M. Ifrim (2020), “The Impact of Interest Rate, Exchange Rate and European Business Climate on Economic Growth in Romania: An ARDL Approach with Structural Breaks”, Sustainability, 12(7), 2798.
  • Jonas, O. (2013), “Pandemic Risk”, World Development Report Background Papers, World Bank, Washington, DC, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16343, Accessed on January, 2021.
  • Kahn, L., F. Lange, D. Wiczer (2020), “Labor Demand in the Time of COVID-19: Evidence from Vacancy Postings and UI Claims”, NBER working paper, No. w27061, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Kok, J. (2020), “Short-Term Trade-off Between Stringency and Economic Growth”, COVID Economics, 60, 172-189.
  • König, M., A. Winkler (2020), “Monitoring in Real Time: Cross-Country Evidence on the COVID-19 Impact on GDP Growth in the First half of 2020”, COVID Economics, 57, 132-153.
  • Kraemer, M. U., C. H. Yang, B. Gutierrez, C. H. Wu, B. Klein, D. M. Pigott, S. V. Scarpino (2020), “The Effect of Human Mobility and Control Measures on the COVID-19 Epidemic in China”, Science, 368(6490), 493-497.
  • Kydland, F. E., E. C. Prescott (1982), “Time to Build and Aggregate Fluctuations”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1345-1370.
  • Maloney, W. F., T. Taskin (2020), “Determinants of Social Distancing and Economic Activity During COVID-19: A Global View”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (9242).
  • Mileva, E. (2007), “Using Arellano-Bond Dynamic Panel GMM Estimators in Stata”, Economics Department, Fordham University, 64, 1-10.
  • Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (2021a), Industrial Production (indicator), doi: 10.1787/39121c55-en, Accessed on 1 March 2021.
  • Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (2021b), Exchange Rates (indicator), doi: 10.1787/037ed317-en, Accessed on 1 March 2021.
  • Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (2021c), Long-Term Interest Rates (indicator), doi: 10.1787/662d712c-en, Accessed on 1 March 2021.
  • Rodrik, D. (2007), “The Real Exchange Rate and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence”, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
  • Roodman, D. (2009), “How to do xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata”, The Stata Journal, 9(1), 86-136.
  • Sansa, N. A. (2020), “The Impact of the COVID-19 on the Financial Markets: Evidence from China and USA”, Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2, 29-39.
  • Sheridan, A., A. L. Andersen, E. T. Hansen, N. Johannesen (2020), “Social Distancing Laws Cause Only Small Losses of Economic Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Scandinavia”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(34), 20468-20473.
  • Stanger, M. (2020), “A Monthly Indicator of Economic Growth for Low Income Countries”, International Monetary Fund Working Papers, 2020(013).
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2020, December 9), Covid-19 Drives Large International Trade Declines in 2020, https://unctad.org/news/covid-19-drives-large-international-trade-declines-2020#:~:text=The%20predicted%20decline%20in%20services,services%20trade%20fell%20by%209.5%25, Accessed on March 3, 2021.
  • Voitchovsky, S. (2005), “Does the Profile of Income Inequality Matter for Economic Growth?”, Journal of Economic Growth, 10(3), 273-296.
  • Wickens, M. (2012), Macroeconomic Theory: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Approach, Princeton University Press.
  • Yasenov, V. I. (2020), “Who Can Work from Home?”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 13197, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3590895
  • Zhang, D., M. Hu, Q. Ji (2020), “Financial markets under the global pandemic of COVID-19”, Finance Research Letters, 36, 101528.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
Yazarlar

Barbaros Güneri 0000-0003-1341-9380

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 39 Sayı: Covid 19 Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Güneri, B. (2021). NON-PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC EFFECTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(Covid 19 Özel Sayısı), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.909154
AMA Güneri B. NON-PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC EFFECTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Kasım 2021;39(Covid 19 Özel Sayısı):109-122. doi:10.17065/huniibf.909154
Chicago Güneri, Barbaros. “NON-PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC EFFECTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 39, sy. Covid 19 Özel Sayısı (Kasım 2021): 109-22. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.909154.
EndNote Güneri B (01 Kasım 2021) NON-PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC EFFECTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 39 Covid 19 Özel Sayısı 109–122.
IEEE B. Güneri, “NON-PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC EFFECTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 39, sy. Covid 19 Özel Sayısı, ss. 109–122, 2021, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.909154.
ISNAD Güneri, Barbaros. “NON-PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC EFFECTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 39/Covid 19 Özel Sayısı (Kasım 2021), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.909154.
JAMA Güneri B. NON-PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC EFFECTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;39:109–122.
MLA Güneri, Barbaros. “NON-PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC EFFECTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 39, sy. Covid 19 Özel Sayısı, 2021, ss. 109-22, doi:10.17065/huniibf.909154.
Vancouver Güneri B. NON-PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC EFFECTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;39(Covid 19 Özel Sayısı):109-22.

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